Types of Surface irrigation with Advantage and Disadvantage(Free flood, Furrow, Check and furrow, Border or check basin, Border strip, Ring / Ring Basin)
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Surface irrigation
In surface methods of irrigation, water is applied directly
to the soil from a channel located at the upper reach of the field. Following
are the general requirements of prime importance to obtain high efficiency in
surface methods of irrigation:
>Properly
constructed water distribution systems to provide adequate control of water to
the field.
>Proper
land preparation to permit uniform distribution of water to over the field.
>The land
should be levelled well to achieve higher water application efficiency.
There are different methods of surface irrigation as
follows:
A.Free flood method
This is a common methods of irrigation of wetland rice where
water may be applied as a continuous flood, rotational flood or an intermittent
flood. This is a suitable method for an area where cheap and abundant supply of
water is available. Flooding consists of opening a water channel in a plot of
field, so that water can flow freely in all directions and cover surface of the
land in a continuous sheet.
Advantages
1.
No other field layout become necessary except
the levelling and preparation of impervious boundary bunds.
2.
No land area is utilized for water distribution.
As a result, wastage of land becomes minimum
3.
Labour supervision is required for application
of water in the field.
4.
Labour requirement is minimum.
Disadvantage
i.
It is the most inefficient methods of irrigation
as only about 20 per cent of water is actually used by plants and the rest is
being lost as run off, seepage and evaporation
ii.
Levelling of land increases cost of cultivation.
iii.
This method is unsuitable for crops that are
sensitive to water logging.
iv.
Crop growth is not uniform as the water
distribution by this method is very uneven.
v.
There is a possibility of soil erosion.
B. Furrow
methods
This method is suitable for row crops like potato cabbage,
cauliflower, brinjal, chilli, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, tomato etc. water is
applied in the furrows which are developed between crop rows in the planting
and cultivating processes. There is usually me furrow between each row of crop.
In orchards and widely spread vegetable crops, several furrows may be opened
between the rows of the crop and the water is led simultaneously in all
furrows. Furrows, are laid down along the slope when the slope of the land is
about three per cent. The furrows are on graded contour when the slope exceeds three per cent and goes upto 15 per cent.
The length of furrow varies with soil type, slope of the land and the quantity
of water to l applied and may vary from 10 metres to 100 metres.
Fig. Furrow method of irrigation
Advantages
i.
There is a great advantage in the use of water
which is of great consideration in lift irrigation.
ii.
This method is suitable for crops which are
sensitive to saturated soil condition in the root zone.
iii.
Water in the furrows contacts only one fifth to
one half of the land surface, thereby reducing puddling, crusting of the soil
and evaporation losses.
iv.
Water is applied uniformly by this method.
v.
It is especially suitable to crops like maize
that are injured by contact with water as water does not come in contact with
the plant stem.
vi.
The method reduces labour requirements in land
preparation and irrigation.
Disadvantages
i.
Cost involved in the preparation of furrow is
more.
ii.
This method is not suitable for all areas, especially
cannel areas.
iii.
Uniform distribution of water in all furrows is
not possible.
Following are the different types of furrow irrigations-
Straight furrow method of irrigation: This method is
practiced in flat lands.
Contour furrow method of irrigation: This method is
practiced in sloping land in which the direction of flow is across a slope
rather than down slope. The furrows are laid out with a gentle uniform grade to
carry the irrigation streams.
Corrugated furrow irrigation: Corrugations are small
furrows which are used for close growing crops such as beet, cabbage,
cauliflower, turnip, etc. In this system more and smaller furrows are utilized
and crop rows are not necessarily related to the irrigation furrows. The size
and spacing of corrugation vary with the soil. The corrugation should be more
closely spaced, generally 45 to 90cm.
C.Check
and furrow method:
It is a modified form of furrow irrigation. This method
suitable for a land which is quite levelled. The water is lead in first furrow
and the flow of water is continued to second furrow through a breach in the
ridge at the terminal end of the run. After completion of the run in the second
furrow, the terminal end of the flow is continued to the third furrow through a
breach. A number of furrows are irrigated with a single run of water that moves
in a zigzag way through furrows.
Advantages
i.
Water is applied uniformly and the wastage of
water minimum. There is less evaporative loss from furrows.
ii.
Soil gets sufficient time to absorb water.
iii.
It is a very suitable method for irrigating row
crops in level land
iv.
Soil erosion is checked.
Disadvantages
i.
Uneven distribution of water in the different
furrows,
ii.
The method is only suitable for row crops.
iii.
Irrigation cost is higher as it involves much
labour.
iv.
More time is required for irrigation.
D.Border
or check basin irrigation:
The field is divided into smaller unit areas or beds
measuring 10 to 100 sq metre or even more. Bunds or ridges are constructed
around the areas forming basin within which irrigation water may be controlled.
The basins are levelled in both directions. Small irrigation channels are
provided between two adjacent rows of beds. Water is conveyed to the field by
the stream of supply channel and lateral field channel. The supply channel is
aligned in the upper side of the area and there is usually one lateral for
every two rows of check basins Water from the lateral channel is turned in the
beds and is cut oil when sufficient water has been admitted to the basin. The
basins are filled to the desired depth and the water is retained until it
infiltrates the soil.
Fig.22. Check basin method of irrigation
This method is especially suitable for irrigating grain and
fodder crops in heavy soil where water is absorbed very slowly.
Advantages
i.
It is more efficient method of irrigation arid
ensures uniform application of water.
ii.
It has good control on irrigation water and high
water application efficiency.
iii.
Though the Initial cost is high, it requires
less labour and has low maintenance cost.
iv.
Wastage of water and soil erosion is reduced as
there is bund around the basin.
Disadvantages
i.
There are too many ridges which occupy the
larger area of land. It involves the wastage of land.
ii.
Lay out requirement in land preparation and
irrigation is much bigger in check basin irrigation as compared to other
methods.
iii.
Repairing of ridges and careful supervision
during irrigation is needed.
iv.
Uneven distribution of water within the plot.
v.
The method impedes surface drainage, precise
land grading and shaping are required.
E. Border strip method of irrigation
The field is divided into a number of long parallel (3-10 ni
x 50-30() m) strips which is called border. The border is separated with small
parallel low ridges on the sides. The individual strips are levelled perfectly
and each strip is irrigated independently by turning a stream of water at the
upper elevation. The water can flow down the slope with nearly uniform depth.
This method is suitable to irrigate all close growing crops like wheat, barley,
fodder crops and legumes. But this method is not suitable to irrigate rice
which requires standing water during most part of their growing season. This
method is suitable to soils having moderately low to moderately high
infiltration rate.
Fig.23. Boarder strip method of irrigation
Advantages
i.
It is the best method to irrigate close growing
crops.
ii.
Uniform distribution and high water application
efficiencies are possible if the system is properly designed.
iii.
Labour requirement is less to irrigate the
field.
iv.
Operation of this system is simple and easy.
v.
Excess rainwater is drained out if outlets are
available.
Disadvantages
i.
More labour is required for levelling of the
field.
ii.
Ridges cut down the neat cropped area.
iii.
Large irrigation streams are required.
iv.
Repair of ridges and supervision during
irrigation are needed.
F. Ring /
Ring Basin Method
Ring basin irrigation is especially suitable for fruit and
vegetable crops. A basin is made around the stump of the plant at a distance of
about 30 -60 cm which may be square, rectangular or circular in shape. The
individual plant or plant grown in pit is irrigated by this method. The soil
around the plant is soaked with irrigation water and not the entire land.
Generally ring basin is used for irrigating fruit trees. The basin is connected
with irrigation channels for receiving water.
Fig.24. Ring basin method of irrigation
Advantages
i.
It is a good method for irrigating orchard
plants and also for all types of soil.
ii.
It is an efficient method in the use of water.
iii.
This method economise the water considerably.
Disadvantages
i.
Initial cost for preparing basin is high.
ii.
This method is not suitable for irrigating field
crops and some orchard plants such as banana, papaya, pineapple etc.
iii.
All plants do not get same amount of water.
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