Introduction to Seed Pathology (Seed Health, Objective of seed health testing, Methods of Seed health testing)
Introduction to Seed Pathology
Seed Pathology
Seed pathology is the branch of pathology that locating to seed and dealing with
♦ Seed diseases.
♦ Seed borne plant diseases.
♦ Techniques involved for their detection.
♦ Mechanisms of their transmission.
♦ Factors affecting their transmission.
♦ Control measures.
♦ Assessment of inocula, planting value etc.
In modern agricultural science, seed pathology is the branch of plant pathology
locating to seed and seed technology rendering (supply) efficient services and
opportunities to promote successful agricultural production and quality concerns seed, trade all over the world.
Seed Health
Seed health refers to the presence or absence of diseases causing organisms such as
fungi,
nematodes, bacteria, viruses and insects and to the status of seeds in a seedlot.
Seed status is also affected by the presence of non diseasecausing contaminants in the
particular seedlot. These include contaminants like weed seeds that compete with the
target seed for nutrients. Other seeds, plant parts other than the target seeds, soil
particles and insect
eggs that can overwinter can degrade the quality of the seedlot.
Seed health testing
Seed health testing is a procedure by which can be determined whether tile seed is
healthy or diseased or it is a procedure by which the presence or absence of seed borne
pathogen in a seedlot can be determined.
Objective of seed health testing
1. Seed health testing is necessary for the improvement of seed stock in certification
scheme.
2. It is necessary to satisfy quarantine requirements of a country.
3. It is done to know the planting value of a given seedlot in order to forecast the field
emergence and predict the health of the mature crops.
4. It is necessary to know the storage quality or feeding value of a seedlot.
5. It is necessary for checking the advisability of treatment.
6. It is done to know the efficiency of seed treating chemicals.
7. To determine the need for drying and processing and specific procedures that should be
used.
Methods of Seed health testing
1. Dry inspection method.
2. Microscopic examination of suspension obtained by
a) Washing test method.
b) Whole embryo count method.
3. Incubation test
a) Blotter method.
b) Agar plate method.
c) Deep freezing blotter method.
d) Water agar plate method.
e) Test tube agar method.
4. Seedling symptom test
a) Hiltner's bricks stone method.
b) Sand method.
c) Standard soil method.
d) Test tube agar method.
5. Growing on test.
6. Serological test.
7. Indicator plant test.
8. Electron microscopy.
▲ Dry Inspection method
It is a very simple and preliminary method for testing the seed health.
Procedure:
The dry seed samples were examined for impurities such as;
A) Inert matter: It includes plant debris, spotted, unfilled and Chaffey grains,
sclerotia, galls, smut balls, insects etc. It should also be incubated either on blotter or agar media and
examined, after a standard period of infection.
B) Symptoms: such as discolouration, staining, necrosis, malformation and similar indication of infection, including fruiting bodies of fungi, resting hyphae in the seed
surface, spore or
bacterial masses on the seed as well as mechanical damage.
Seed samples are examined first by naked eye and the observed under a steriobinocular microscope for confirmation of the above impurities in proper way. The inert matters need to
be incubated for the detection of pathogen associated with these.
Advantage
1.It provides quick information.
2. It does not require much equipment.
3. It helps to take first hand measure.
Disadvantage
1. Only those diseases giving external symptoms and sign can be detected by this
method.
2. Information pertaining to viability of seeds cannot be obtained.
3. It is not more reliable because badly infected seeds may look healthy.
Example
Discoloured and spotted rice grains, Black point of wheat, Discoloured and shriveled seed of mustard and jute, Purple stained soybean seed, discoloured seed of white gourd etc can be tested by this method.
▲ Blotter method
The blotter test is a combination of in vitro and in vivo principals of investigation. In this method, the seed are sown in petridish or other suitable containers on moistened absorbent blotting paper, usually three layers to provide enough moisture for duration of the test.
Materials required
1. Plastic petridishes.
2. Blotting paper.
3. Seeds.
4. Sterilised water.
5. Forceps.
6. Stereoscopic microscope.
7. Compound microscope.
8. Cotton.
9. Spirit.
10. Mounting fluid, slide and cover slip etc.
Procedures
1. Required number of plastic petridishes was taken.
2. The petridish were then rinsed with methylated spirit and were dried.
3. The petridishes were left for a while to allow the spirit to be given off.
4. Required number of blotting paper were soaked in sterilised water and three
sterilised blotting papers were then placed on each petridish.
sterilised blotting papers were then placed on each petridish.
5. Then 400 seeds were taken randomly from a working sample.
Surface sterilisation of seedlot
Then the seedlot or working sample were sterilised with 0.001% HgCl2 solution or 10% clorox solution for detection of internal seed borne pathogen. For this, the seedlot
was soaked into the 10% clorox solution in a petridish with repeated shaking for about one minute and then the chemical solution were drained out from the petridish
carefully. The seedlot was washed with sterilised distilled water for three times to remove the chemicals.
carefully. The seedlot was washed with sterilised distilled water for three times to remove the chemicals.
6. 5 or 10 or 25 seeds (with and without surface sterilised) were placed on the wet
blotting paper kept at the bottom per petridish or pyrex glass petridish or earthen dish
blotting paper kept at the bottom per petridish or pyrex glass petridish or earthen dish
(depending on
the size of the seed) maintaining equal distance among the seeds.
7. Then the petridish were kept into an incubation chamber at 20-22 C in 12 hours
alternating cycles under ultraviolet (UV) light and darkness for 7 days.
Observation
After a week, incubated petridish containing seedlings and non germinated seeds are
carefully observed under steriobinocular microscope. The identification and the
frequency of different category of fungi associated with the seeds were performed by observing the colour, growth habit and morphological features. The recorded data showing in the following table-
carefully observed under steriobinocular microscope. The identification and the
frequency of different category of fungi associated with the seeds were performed by observing the colour, growth habit and morphological features. The recorded data showing in the following table-
Table: Blotter method of seed health testing
Nature of
disinfection
|
%
Germination
|
% pre
emergence
death
|
% post
emergence
death
|
No. of
colonies
|
Pathogen (S)
associated
|
Without surface
sterilised
|
|||||
With surface
sterilized
|
The percentage (%) of healthy seed in the sample tested, = % Germination
(% preemergence death + % post emergence death).
Advantage
1. Pathogen can be detected quickly by observing their growth characters.
2. It is economic.
3. It can be applied for detecting wide range of fungal pathogens from all different
kinds of
seed.
4. Results obtained by it, more reliable because it is the combination of vitro and
in vivo.
5. Blotter method is widely used while agar plate method is impracticable.
Disadvantage
1. Examination may be hampered due to the first growth of certain fungi over the slow
growing ones.
2. Pathogenic bacteria cannot be detected.
3. It is time consuming.
4. Pathogenicity cannot be detected.
5. Symptoms may not be detected.
Comments
Post a Comment